Biology MYA Practice Test

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• Which chromosome pair determines female sex in humans?
• Carry the same genes at the same locus (location) on homologous chromosomes. Which term describes this pair?
• Which term refers to compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio C:2H:O, such as sugars, starches, and cellulose, that provide short-term energy?
• Which physiologist stated all animals are made of cells?
• Which term describes movement across a membrane that does not require energy?
• In DNA replication, the process is described as copying DNA with the help of which component?
• Spermatogenesis occurs in which organ?
• A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies an amino acid or termination signal is called a:
• Which RNA forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation?
• Telophase I results in which cellular event?
• Which term describes the nonliving components of an ecosystem such as climate and minerals?
• In Prophase I, which events occur?
• Match the term to definition: the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram by one degree Celsius.
• What is the term for a molecule that can react with other molecules to form a polymer, with characteristic monomers?
• Which organelle captures energy from sunlight to produce food for the cell?
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
• Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus, resulting in two cells that are exactly like the parent cell, is called:
• Programmed cell death is known as what?
• Adenine and Guanine belong to which class of nitrogenous bases?
• During which phase is the nucleus and nucleolus typically observed to disappear as chromosomes condense?
• Which term describes organisms that feed on detritus and contribute to nutrient cycling?
• Movement of a chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem is called what?
• Osmosis is defined as what process?
• What type of molecule is produced by the action of DNA polymerase?
• Hydrophilic describes a substance that is
• Which type of cells are described as continuing to reproduce and having the potential to metastasize?
• Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein is called:
• Which term describes a chromosome that has been duplicated and consists of two sister chromatids?
• Sequence of RNA nucleotides bound to a region of single-stranded DNA to initiate DNA replication?
• At standard conditions, what is the boiling point of water?
• During which phase do centrioles move to the poles and the spindle apparatus forms?
• Which term describes organisms that require oxygen to survive?
• Which process produces carbohydrates by using chemical energy rather than light?
• Which term describes a molecule composed of two monosaccharides?
• What term describes the pairs formed between complementary bases on the two DNA strands?
• Which term describes a molecule's attraction to water?
• What term describes a phenotype that is a blend of two traits?
• What term describes a particle made of two or more atoms bonded together?
• In DNA base pairing, which pairing is correct?
• Which term describes organisms that require oxygen to survive?
• For a given trait, the two-letter representation of the alleles is referred to as the organism's:
• Which strand is synthesized in fragments known as Okazaki fragments?
• What structure surrounds the nucleolus and DNA and regulates entry and exit of materials to the nucleus?
• Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and plays a role in apoptosis?
• Which substance is a cancer-causing agent?
• Segregation of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles occurs during which meiosis phase?
• Chromosome after DNA synthesis is called a:
• Which small package is produced by the Golgi apparatus to transport materials inside the cell?
• What term describes an organism made of more than one cell?
• Which diagram compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels, showing about 10 percent transfer between levels?
• Which enzyme is described as the main DNA polymerase that copies the template strand in prokaryotes?
• What biological macromolecule, composed of C, H, N, O, and P, carries genetic information?
• During DNA replication, what do the enzymes do to the DNA molecule?
• Which technique provided crucial evidence for the helix-form DNA?
• What term means the attraction between molecules of the same substance?
• The overall result of DNA replication is a new molecule of DNA that is what relative to the original?
• Reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where soil has been left intact is known as which process?
• What term describes the basic subunit of carbohydrates?
• Which term refers to the small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials from the Golgi to other parts of the cell?
• According to Chargaff's Rule, which base pairs with Adenine?
• Which theory historically proposed that life began with simple organic compounds formed in the atmosphere and ocean before evolving?
• Which process completes cell division by splitting the cytoplasm into two daughter cells?
• Which Mendelian principle explains that the two alleles for a gene separate during gamete formation?
• Which scientist is known for foundational genetics work with peas?
• Which term describes a model of energy flow from producers to consumers in a simple sequence?
• Which term describes a carbohydrate polymer made of many sugar units?
• Building blocks of protein are called?
• If each strand serves as a template, how is the new strand related to its template?
• What is the Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing?
• Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix and separates the strands in preparation for replication?
• An organism's genetic makeup, represented by letters, is called:
• Which term describes the basic structural unit of nucleic acids consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and a base?
• What are sperm and eggs collectively called?
• Builds proteins from amino acids?
• What type of bond forms when a slightly positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a slightly negative atom in polar molecules, helping hold DNA together?
• Which passageways within the cell are where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported?
• Which statement best describes a role of the original strands during replication?
• Which checkpoint checks that spindle is formed and those organelles needed for mitosis have been created?
• When a sperm enters an egg, the immediate result is known as what?
• What describes the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid?
• Which organelle stores water and wastes and is typically large in plant cells?
• Total dry mass of all organisms in a given area is known as what?
• What term describes bases that bond with each other in a specific pairing?
• During which phase does the cell primarily grow and metabolize, preparing for DNA replication?
• Which two scientists contributed to cell theory by showing that both plants and animals are made of cells?
• Which type of organic molecules were demonstrated to form spontaneously under Miller-Urey-like simulations of early Earth conditions?
• Which term describes the expressed sequence of DNA that codes for a protein?
• What term refers to all organisms and the parts of Earth where they exist?
• Which cellular component forms water channels in the membrane?
• Which term describes Earth's surface being covered in ice where early life could have formed under the ice?
• What process uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA?
• What term describes the 'Little organs' that work together in a cell?
• A Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete is known as?
• Which organelle would be most directly involved in producing proteins that are exported from the cell?
• What term describes an individual who may pass on a recessive gene but is not affected?
• Which process captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy, producing sugar and oxygen?
• In a hypotonic environment, cells expand.
• During which stage does the cytoplasm divide to form two new cells, each with one duplicated chromosome from each homologous pair?
• The enzymes responsible for copying DNA are described as which of the following?
• What are the small hairs on a cell's surface that move back and forth to enable movement?
• RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes is:
• What is the final phase of mitosis, occurring after the chromosomes have separated and the cell seals off?
• In a phospholipid, which part is hydrophilic?
• A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
• What molecule is produced during transcription?
• A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits is called?
• Which term is defined as the building material of living things?
• A nucleotide is composed of which three components?
• An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits, is called:
• Which term describes a molecule that is repelled by water?
• The set of codons that encode amino acids is known as what?
• What term means the variety of life within an area?
• The form of DNA that is uncoiled and present during interphase is called
• A solution is composed of which two components?
• What is the chemical description of water as given in the material?
• Organisms that live in a previously uninhabited area are called what?
• Who discovered the importance of the cell nucleus in the 1800s?
• Which term describes organisms that produce their own food from light or inorganic chemical energy?
• Which tool would scientists most likely use to study the interior details of organelles?
• Which term describes living factors of an ecosystem, such as animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria?
• What is formed from the fusion of sperm and egg?
• Which term refers to organisms that have no nucleus, such as bacteria?
• What is the name of the region of a chromosome that attaches to spindle fibers during cell division?
• Which term refers to fatty molecules that store energy?
• In humans, somatic cells are typically diploid with 2n equals 46, while gametes are haploid with n equals 23. Which statement correctly describes this?
• Creation of sperm and eggs is collectively known as what?
• Which unicellular cell type lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles but has ribosomes?
• Which three-nucleotide unit in mRNA specifies a particular amino acid?
• Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands.
• What is the specific DNA sequence where DNA synthesis begins?
• What do we call an individual who carries one recessive allele but usually shows the dominant trait?
• A nucleic acid found in the nucleus carrying the organism's hereditary information is called:
• Which type of succession occurs after a disturbance when the soil remains intact and regrowth happens from existing soil?
• Which bases are purines?
• Which phase includes the final preparation before mitosis, including checks for DNA errors and centrosome formation?
• Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by growth, normal cell functions, and preparation for division, comprising G1, S, and G2?
• Which term names the site where replication begins?
• What term denotes a chromosome-level alteration such as deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for storage and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells?
• Which organelle converts light energy into glucose during photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll?
• Which concept asserts that living organisms arise only from other living organisms?
• At what temperature does water freeze at standard conditions?
• RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell is called:
• Which term refers to the chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex in humans?
• The process that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is called:
• Which microscope uses accelerated electrons to illuminate very small objects?
• Which hypothesis suggests minerals in clay provided the structural foundation and catalysts for the origin of life?
• Which term describes an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype, masking the recessive trait?
• Which type of organic molecule stores energy and forms the fats in the body?
• Which statement correctly contrasts vacuoles in plant and animal cells?
• Which process yields genetically identical copies and is often used in biotechnology?
• Anaphase I is characterized by which event?
• Chromosome number 23 in humans is best described as
• Which bases are pyrimidines?
• Which organelle synthesizes lipids for the cell membrane and other parts of the cell?
• The process by which one type of community replaces another in an area over a period of time is called?
• Which term describes an allele whose effects are not observed in a heterozygous individual?
• Which term describes having two different alleles for a given gene?
• Which organelle is the site of glucose oxidation to produce ATP in energy production?
• What term describes a substance that increases the rate of mutations by altering DNA?
• A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait is called a:
• What is the term for the cell extension described as a 'false foot' that can pull the cell forward or draw in objects toward the cell?
• The rigid boundary that gives plant cells shape is called the cell wall; what is it made of?
• Which genotype corresponds to two dominant alleles?
• In DNA replication, what serves as the template for building new strands?
• Which molecule makes up the cell membrane and has a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails?
• Which theory posits that life did not originate on Earth but arrived via extraterrestrial spores or viruses?
• Building material of living things is called?
• Which scientist used X-ray diffraction to study the DNA molecule?
• What is the organelle that houses the cell's DNA?
• Which organelle helps align chromosomes during cell division in animal cells?
• What is the native form of DNA consisting of two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral?
• What term describes a large molecule made up of many monomers?
• The study of heredity is known as?
• Which field studies interactions among organisms and their environment?
• The cell organelle that houses the genes and serves as the carrier of hereditary information is the:
• Which term describes a non-membrane-bound structure in the nucleus that builds ribosomes?
• What type of mutation involves changes in one or a few nucleotides?
• In the interphase, which phase is primarily focused on cell growth?
• Which phase is the synthesis phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated?
• A single-celled organism is described as?
• Which term describes organisms that have a nucleus and are generally more evolutionarily advanced?
• Which transport process moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy?
• What is the process by which one organism hunts and kills another for food called?
• Which term describes a living organism that can function independently and perform all necessary life processes?
• Which early Earth environments are proposed as possible sites for the origin of life due to abundant minerals and energy sources?
• Which phase directly follows metaphase and involves separation of chromatids?
• What theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between multiple prokaryotic ancestors?
• Which structure synthesizes ribosomes and is located in the nucleus?
• During mitosis, the region that holds two sister chromatids together and helps ensure proper separation is the
• Which organelle controls all cell activities and protein production and contains the DNA and nucleolus?
• Which set of processes describes how elements such as carbon circulate through biological and geological components?
• What is the smallest unit of matter?
• Which cell type is produced by meiosis and used in sexual reproduction?
• During plant cell cytokinesis, which structure forms to separate the two new daughter cells?
• Which transport process moves substances down their concentration gradient through channel proteins without energy input?
• Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal.
• Which term describes an organism that eats dead organic matter?
• RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis is:
• Which term refers to a carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide units joined together?
• What is the cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur, also holding and cushioning the organelles?
• What is the term for a diagram that shows how traits run in families across generations?
• Which term refers to the basic units of structure and function in living things?
• A substance that can cause a change in the DNA code of an organism is a:
• In RNA, adenine pairs with which base?
• Which process is responsible for producing two genetically identical daughter cells in many organisms?
• Which cellular structure builds proteins by linking amino acids together?
• Which term describes an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms?
• What is the process called when a cell splits into two new cells?
• In meiosis II, chromosomes align at the cell center during which phase?
• A molecule with one positively charged side and one negatively charged side is best described as what?
• Which cell type typically contains one large central vacuole?
• What is the basic unit of all living things?
• Which structure surrounds the cell and controls entry and exit of substances?
• What is the double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves?
• Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins is called?
• What term describes life arising from nonliving matter?
• During cell division in plant cells, which process completes the division and forms a cell plate?
• What is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I called?
• Combined biotic and abiotic factors that describe where an organism lives are called what?
• Changes in DNA sequences that affect genetic information are called:
• What describes a large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers?
• What is the term for a change in the structure of a chromosome, such as deletion or translocation?
• Which phase involves the division of the nucleus into two daughter nuclei?
• Which structure is the rigid external layer found outside the cell membrane in plants, bacteria, or fungi?
• Which 1800s scientist is credited with noticing the nucleus within cells?
• Which enzyme connects Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming covalent bonds?
• Cell division that produces reproductive cells (sperm & egg) in sexually reproducing organisms is called?
• Which organelle contains most of the cell's ribosomes and synthesizes proteins?
• Which enzyme copies the template strand to produce a DNA molecule in prokaryotes?
• Which RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?
• Phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base make up which biomolecule's basic units?
• In humans, 2n equals the number of chromosomes in body cells. This 2n is described as the:
• Which term describes body cells?
• Which term describes the variety of life across a region, including species diversity and genetic variation?
• A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function is called what?
• Which term refers to an organism with two identical copies of a gene?
• The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, proteins involved in transport, cholesterol, and aquaporins. What is this membrane commonly called?
• What term describes producing identical offspring from a single parent?
• Which term describes the pairs of genes occupying a specific spot on a chromosome and their different forms?
• Which term describes a mutation that changes the reading frame?
• Which term carries genetic information in cells?
• Meiosis in the testes to produce sperm is called?
• Which phase is defined by the separation of sister chromatids?
• Which term best describes the entire process including growth, DNA replication, and division?
• Cell division for gamete production (sperm and eggs) happens in the gonads. This process is:
• Match the term to definition: an attraction between molecules of the same substance.
• The phrase 'enzymes unzip a molecule of DNA' describes which action?
• Which term best describes the combination of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base in nucleic acids?
• The term for the structure formed by coiled DNA that carries genes is
• Which of the following describes the density of ice relative to liquid water?
• Which model links organisms by their feeding relationships?
• Which theory proposes that early life formed from atmospheric reactions that produced organic molecules such as amino acids?
• Which term refers to a gene variant that can exist in multiple forms?
• Where does meiosis take place in humans?
• Which term describes the system that includes organisms and nonliving things such as climate, soil, water, and rocks in an area?
• Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water across a membrane.
• Which structure contains the genes and is composed of DNA?
• Which class of nutrients is made up of amino acids and is needed to build and repair body structures and regulate processes?
• A characteristic that can be passed on to offspring through its genes is called:
• Which idea holds that all living things are composed of cells, and that cells are the basic units of structure and function, with new cells arising from existing cells?
• Which molecule serves as the final product of translation, forming the functional units of proteins?
• Which botanist stated all plants are made of cells?
• Match the term to definition: a process powered by adhesion that draws water up through a narrow tube.
• Which organism produced the first significant oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?
• Which organelle aids in cell division in animal cells only?
• What are the geothermal features on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape into the water, potentially catalyzing early life?
• Meiosis in the ovaries to form an egg is called?
• Which term describes nonliving factors of an ecosystem, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals?
• The passing of traits from parents to offspring is known as:
• How is the sequence of the new strand determined during replication?
• What term means 'to make' in biology?
• Which term describes a molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together?
• Which checkpoint ensures the spindle is formed and organelles needed for mitosis exist?
• Which single-celled organism type is characterized by lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
• What is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius?
• What term describes the level of nourishment in a food chain?
• The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called what?
• A complete living thing is called what?
• Which term is a simple sugar that serves as an important source of energy?
• Measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space is known as what?
• Which term denotes organisms that rely on detritus as a food source?
• Which process is the division of the cell nucleus called?
• After meiosis I, how many daughter cells are typically produced?
• What is the simple sugar that serves as the basic subunit of carbohydrates?
• Which structure is a whip-like appendage used for locomotion in certain cells (for example, sperm cell)?
• What is the term for particles dissolved in a liquid?
• Which of the following best captures the concept of complementary base pairing in replication?
• Which phase involves the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells?
• What term denotes having two identical alleles for a gene?
• Which term describes a process common to plants and algae for producing organic matter using light energy?
• Which phase involves chromatin condensing into visible chromosomes and the dissolution of the nucleus?
• Which term describes organisms that eat both plants and animals?
• Which term best describes the outer boundary that encloses the nucleus?
• The law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis is called?
• What term describes the division of the cell's nucleus and its contents into two nuclei?
• How many total codons are there in the genetic code?
• The movement of carbon and other elements through living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem is described by which concept?
• Which checkpoint checks cell size and that it is mature enough to enter S Phase?
• Which model shows the complex network of feeding relationships within an ecosystem?
• The DNA molecule is described as the two right-handed polynucleotide chains coiled about the same axis. What is this structure called?
• Which molecule serves as the template for protein synthesis?
• A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring identical to the parent is called
• Which term describes an organism that eats only plants?
• A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon is known as the:
• Which chromosome pair determines male sex in humans?
• The establishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited is called what?
• Which organelle is primarily involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification in the cell?
• n represents the number of chromosomes in gametes. This notation is described as:
• Who is credited with inventing the first microscopes in the 1600s?
• Which term is defined as an assembly of similar cells that collaborate to perform a common role?
• Which term refers to the specialization of cells to perform specific functions within a multicellular organism?
• Which term describes an organism that eats only animals?
• Which term denotes the network of who eats whom within an ecosystem?
• Underground deposits of combustible carbon-based matter used as an energy source include oil, natural gas, coal, and peat. What is this called?
• Which transport mechanism uses membrane protein channels to move substances across the membrane, with some channels being specific?
• Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius under standard conditions.
• Which term best describes organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
• Which structure acts as the outer boundary regulating movement of substances into and out of the cell?
• Which process requires energy to move substances from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration across a membrane?
• Which term describes an organism that eats both plants and animals?
• In eukaryotic genes, noncoding sequences that are removed from the transcript before translation are called:
• Which diagram demonstrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem and reinforces that only a portion of energy is transferred to the next trophic level?
• Which cell type typically contains many small vacuoles?
• An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called:
• In an area that was previously uninhabited, the initial colonization and soil formation part of succession is described by which term?
• Match the term to definition: water's polarity and ability to dissolve many solutes.
• In which phase do chromosomes align at the center of the cell along the metaphase plate?
• What is the principal enzyme in DNA replication?
• Which term describes the global sum of all ecosystems, including living and nonliving components?
• Which term describes an organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals?
• Which strand is synthesized continuously during DNA replication?
• Two recessive alleles describe which genotype?
• Which term is used to predict results in genetics?
• Which description best matches the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
• What are the short DNA segments produced on the lagging strand that are later joined to form a complete strand?
• Which phase marks the conclusion of mitosis with the reformation of the nuclear envelope and de-condensing chromosomes?
• The observable outcome of a genotype is the organism's:
• A living thing made of a single cell is described as what?
• Which phase involves additional growth and preparation for mitosis?
• A group of identical individuals that always produce offspring with the same phenotype when crossed is called:
• Which phase comes after Gap 1 (G1) and before M phase (mitosis)?
• Which organelle converts glucose into ATP during cellular respiration to provide energy?
• Which process, powered by adhesion, causes water to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant?
• What term describes a trait linked to the sex chromosomes?
• Which reproductive process involves only one parent and yields offspring identical to that parent?
• A replicated chromosome is composed of two identical halves connected at the centromere; each half is called a
• Which term specifically contrasts with Biogenesis by describing life arising from nonliving matter?
• Which boundary of the cell is primarily made of phospholipids?
• Which scientists are credited with developing the DNA double-helix model?
• Which 1600s scientist is associated with naming cells after observing cork?
• During interphase, DNA exists in a loosely packed form known as
• What is the term for the component of a solution in which the solute is dissolved?
• Which checkpoint checks that the DNA is copied correctly?
• Which base is present in DNA but replaced by uracil in RNA?
• A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait is called:
• Which term is used for the basic life unit that can carry out life processes on its own?
• In meiosis I, which phase precedes the separation of homologous chromosomes?
• Which form of asexual reproduction involves one cell dividing to form two identical cells?
• Cells that lack proper control of the cell cycle and can invade other tissues are referred to as
• What term defines the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can normally and consistently support?
• A polar molecule is characterized by having one positively charged side and one negatively charged side.
• In a pedigreed chart, what is the primary purpose?
• What term refers to all individuals of a species living in the same area?
• Which term is used for an organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals?
• Which organelle is filled with enzymes and digests materials within the cell?
• During which phase is DNA replicated?
• Which organelle collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
• Which environmental factor limits the growth and size of a population?
• Which mutation shifts the reading frame by inserting or deleting a nucleotide?
• Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks. What is this condition called?
• Water—due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutes— is often described by which term?
• Which term describes a very large molecule built from smaller units?
• Which bases belong to the purine category?
• What refers to chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes?
• Which phase is defined by the separation of sister chromatids and their movement toward opposite poles?
• Which phase leads to the production of four genetically different haploid cells?
• Which process is a simple form of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides to form two identical daughter cells?
• Which term describes the living components of an ecosystem?
• The process of DNA synthesis in which the two original strands separate and each acts as a template for a new strand is known as what?
• Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, four daughter cells formed that are genetically different occur during which phase?
• Which enzyme creates a short RNA primer to initiate DNA replication?
• Which phase is characterized by the replication of DNA?
• What term describes a situation where both parental phenotypes are expressed in the offspring?
• An organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells is called:
• Which term describes organisms that do not require oxygen?
• Prophase II is the first phase of meiosis II and differs from mitotic prophase by what key factor?
• The set of chromosomes that do not determine sex in humans are called
• Which components comprise the cytoskeleton, providing structural support and shape to the cell?
• What term refers to the network of filaments that gives a cell its shape and structural support?
• Which statement best describes cancer cells' behavior, including ongoing growth and potential spread?
• Which mechanism increases genetic variation by random orientation of chromosome pairs during meiosis I?
• Which organelle would be most directly involved in intracellular digestion?
• What is produced by meiosis in humans?
• What is the pathway of water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface, below ground, and back to the atmosphere?
• Which phase follows prophase and is when chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?
• A diagram that illustrates energy flow across trophic levels, typically showing less energy available at higher levels, is called what?
• The sequence on one DNA strand that matches the sequence on the other strand is called what?
• What process enables cells to capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy to synthesize sugars?
• Which term is used for inheritance patterns where neither allele dominates and you see a mixture?
• During Metaphase I, what happens to the homologous chromosome pairs?
• Which hypothesis explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells via symbiosis with prokaryotes?
• Which process is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells?
• A molecule that carries DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome is called?
• Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
• Which term refers to organisms that are typically the first to colonize barren areas and help modify the environment?
• Who gave cells their name in the 1600s?
• Which basic microscope uses light and mirrors to magnify small objects?
• Which term describes a variant of a trait that can be expressed only when two copies are present (recessive)?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase during replication?
• What term best describes a cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
• Which structure synthesizes proteins and is primarily found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
• Cells that do only one special job are said to have what property?
• Ice is less dense than liquid water.
• Two identical alleles for a trait, such as BB or bb, describe a group that is described as:
• Cell division for growth, repair, or maintenance occurs in somatic cells. This process is:
• In a solution, what term describes the substance that is dissolved in the solvent?
• Which term refers to the expressed portions of a gene that code for proteins?
• What type of bond forms when hydrogen on one water molecule bonds to the oxygen of another water molecule?
• What term refers to a particle made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together?
• Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes are called what?
• Cytosine pairs with which base?
• Which term would describe a trait due to genes on autosomes?
• Which base-pairing rule is used in DNA replication?
• Which term is defined as the monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base?
• Which type of reproduction requires male and female gametes and provides genetic variation?
• Which term describes a detritivore that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, returning nutrients to the ecosystem?
• Which process uses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide in many organisms?
• Which process moves substances from high to low concentration across a membrane without energy input?
• What is the attraction between molecules of different substances?
• A state of balance with little or no net change is called?
• Which term involves a grid method to calculate offspring genotypes by crossing two individuals?
• Which term denotes the factor that limits population growth, size, or distribution?
• Which term describes the organism that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem?